What is HRO?
High Reliability Organizing (HRO) developed as a means to make an organization or unit stronger. In its natural state we historically found it in environments of danger or uncertainty such as military combat, firefighting, or business activities. While proactive components (plans and anticipation) and reactive components (after action reviews) are necessary parts of HRO, High Reliability itself derives from the ability of the organization and individuals to interact in real time with uncertainty or threat from the external environment.
HRO describes on the organizational level the structure necessary for High Reliability, on the social level the collaboration found in response to threat, and on the individual level the satisfaction of problem solving while modulating threat responses. These three levels facilitate the free flow of information and the migration of action for a quick response to, and interaction with, surprise or accelerating events. The High Reliability Organization emerges from the interactions between people responsive to the environment in an organization that allows this.
Generally, I had 10 minutes to teach something to someone who does not want to be there or learn yet they will need it 10 minutes later to save a life. My students were not interested, as they did not think they would ever need this information or they believed they already knew it. Jim Holbrook, my education guru, advised me to use the Affective Domain of knowledge, one of Bloom’s Domains of Knowledge. He advised me to teach how this information will help, focus on how one can immediately use it.
I began to focus on information that explains something in their life or what they can immediately use. At first this was not very much information but soon people began to tell me how they used what I had taught, contacting me the same day, the next day, weeks or months later, or even 20-25 years later. I added this material to my lectures. Over time, I populated my lectures with this information and stories of how people used what I taught.
The High Reliability Organization is commonly described as an organization that performs high risk work but without rare, catastrophic events. Researchers, as outside observers, have identified principles and characteristics to describe or characterize HROs but these tend to be distinct, and sometimes complex. Some of these principles are directed toward the organization’s structure and while some describe group interactions. Even more complex descriptions cover the processes of a crisis. While researchers attempt to describe how to move toward High Reliability they have not described how HROs originally formed. The overall research is unsettled to produce confusion between structural and functional principles, how to change people and organizations (most work describes imposed change), and the variety of the principles are assumed to be continuously connected. This has created confusion and gaps in our knowledge of HRO.
As longtime practitioners of what is now called High Reliability we believe these knowledge gaps come from unrecognized concepts and principles. These gaps can be connected when we view HRO as derived from specific attitudes and the importance of engagement of the situation when surrounded by uncertainty. Also inadequately discussed are descriptions of decision making with imperfect information along with understanding the ability of the individual to modulate the brain’s threat, or fear, response.
Why consider HRO?
In the world today we deal with uncertainty and threat. This can be on the personal level of family or job, on the business level of the economy, or in geopolitics. High Reliability, evolved for optimal performance in an environment of uncertainty and threat, can strengthen a person’s performance, improve the function of a team, and move an organization forward through uncertainty.
HRO, derived from human reasoning and behavior, looks at the commonality of decrements in quality, resilience, and safety. After all, these differ only in what is harmed: the product, the system, or a person respectively. It appears intuitively obvious that resources used for Quality, Resilience, or Safety (the QRS Complex) will not be available for Productivity. However, when done correctly Quality, Resilience, and Safety will improve along with Productivity. This is the process of High Reliability.
HRO Model Overview
Comparison of
Roberts/Weick/van Stralen
High Reliability developed to make an organization stronger (Mercer) and for an individual to operate in uncertainty or under threat (van Stralen). People come together to create High Reliability (Weick) in an organization designed for this (Roberts). It is the individual who acts but the organization must allow that action.
2013 Conference
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Bringing the methods of High Reliability Organizing
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